Kerosene is one of the most important derivatives of crude oil, playing a vital role in energy supply. This flammable hydrocarbon liquid with medium density is widely used in various fields, including aviation, household heating, and industrial applications, due to its clean combustion, high efficiency, and long-term storage capability. From the past to the present, kerosene has been a key fuel for jet aircraft, heating stoves, and industrial engines, significantly impacting the economic and industrial growth of nations. The development and refinement of this fuel have not only enhanced energy security but also paved the way for technological advancements in fuel optimization and energy efficiency.
What is Kerosene?
Kerosene is a colorless or light yellow hydrocarbon liquid obtained through the fractional distillation of crude oil at temperatures ranging from 150 to 275 degrees Celsius. Due to its low viscosity, non-sticky composition, and clean combustion, kerosene is extensively used in aviation, heating systems, and chemical industries. Compared to other fossil fuels, kerosene has a higher flash point, igniting between 37 to 65 degrees Celsius, making it a safer option for domestic and industrial use.
The chemical composition of kerosene primarily consists of paraffinic hydrocarbons (alkanes), cycloparaffins (naphthenes), and small amounts of aromatic compounds. These compounds contain 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule, contributing to its thermal stability and optimal performance across different temperatures. The naming of kerosene varies across countries; in the United States and many other regions, it is referred to as kerosene, whereas in the UK and some other areas, it is known as paraffin.
The History of Kerosene: From Early Discovery to Modern Use
The process of distilling crude oil into kerosene and other hydrocarbon compounds was first documented in the 9th century AD by the Persian scientist and chemist, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. Recognized as one of the pioneers of chemistry, Al-Razi described two methods for producing kerosene, which was then known as “Naft Abyad”, in his book “Al-Asrar” (The Book of Secrets).
He conducted this process using a device called the Alembic, which laid the foundation for modern distillation techniques. In the first method, Al-Razi used clay as an absorbent to remove impurities, while in the second method, he utilized ammonium chloride (Sal Ammoniac) as a chemical agent for refining crude oil. This process was repeated multiple times to eliminate most of the volatile components and harmful impurities, ultimately yielding a clear and safe fuel for burning.
Simultaneously, kerosene was also produced from oil shale and bitumen. By heating oil-rich rocks, crude oil was extracted and then refined through distillation. This method further enhanced the purity and efficiency of the fuel.
In East Asia, the Chinese during the Ming Dynasty developed oil extraction and refining processes, using the refined oil as lamp fuel. Historical evidence suggests that the Chinese had been utilizing petroleum for lighting, heating, and household purposes as early as 1500 BCE. This highlights the historical and global significance of Liquid fuel in energy supply and illumination across different civilizations throughout history.
Kerosene Production Process
Kerosene is derived from crude oil extracted from underground reservoirs. The refining process begins in oil refineries, where crude oil is heated in distillation towers to separate its components based on boiling points. During this process, lighter fractions such as liquefied gases and gasoline are extracted first, while kerosene is separated at temperatures between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius.
The production of kerosene differs from other petroleum derivatives. Unlike gasoline, which consists of lighter hydrocarbons, Liquid fuel is composed of medium-chain hydrocarbons containing 10 to 16 carbon atoms, distinguishing it from other refined fuels. After distillation, kerosene undergoes hydrotreating and purification processes to remove sulfur and undesirable compounds, ensuring a clean-burning, high-efficiency fuel.
Properties of Kerosene
Kerosene is a transparent, light yellow liquid with a distinct odor and a density of approximately 0.78 to 0.81 g/cm³. Its boiling point ranges between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, which is higher than lighter fuels like gasoline but lower than diesel and heavy oils.
From a chemical perspective, kerosene has a flash point between 37 and 65 degrees Celsius, making it safer than gasoline as it is less prone to rapid evaporation and spontaneous ignition at normal temperatures. Its primary composition includes alkanes, cycloalkanes, and minor aromatic compounds, enabling clean combustion with minimal soot formation. Kerosene has a higher energy yield than gasoline, producing approximately 43.1 megajoules per kilogram, making it an ideal choice for aviation fuel, heating appliances, and industrial applications.
Uses of Kerosene
Due to its unique properties, Liquid fuel is widely utilized in aviation, household heating, industrial, and military applications.
Main Applications of Kerosene:
- Jet Engine and Aircraft Fuel: Serves as the primary aviation fuel, accounting for about 60% of jet engine fuel consumption.
- Household Heating and Portable Stoves: Used in Liquid fuel heaters and portable stoves as a safe, high-efficiency fuel.
- Industrial Solvent, Lubricant, and Metalworking Coolant: Acts as a degreasing solvent in cleaning industrial equipment and functions as a coolant in metalworking processes.
- Military and Rocket Fuel Production: Some military-grade rocket fuels and weapon systems are derived from refined kerosene.
- Oil Industry Applications for Corrosion Testing and Equipment Analysis: Utilized in corrosion testing and operational simulations in oil fields and refineries.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Kerosene is a widely used fossil fuel due to its high energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and long-term storage stability. However, it also has environmental and safety drawbacks, leading to restrictions on its use in certain countries.
Advantages:
- High Energy Output and Efficient Heating & Cooking Performance: Provides clean combustion and high energy production relative to its weight.
- More Economical Compared to Other Fuels: In some countries, kerosene is a cheaper alternative to gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
- Long-Term Storage with Minimal Quality Degradation: Unlike gasoline and diesel, Liquid fuel maintains its quality over extended storage periods under proper conditions.
Disadvantages:
- Environmental Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Emits carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, contributing to air pollution.
- Flammability Risks and Transport Safety Concerns: Has a lower flash point than diesel, making it susceptible to leaks and fire hazards under improper conditions.
- Regulatory Restrictions in Some Countries Due to Cleaner Fuel Alternatives: Some nations have reduced Liquid fuel consumption in favor of renewable energy sources like solar power and electricity.
Comparison of Kerosene with Other Fuels
Compared to gasoline, kerosene has a higher boiling point and a lower fire hazard. This characteristic makes storage and transport safer, as it is less volatile and less prone to spontaneous ignition. Additionally, kerosene produces fewer volatile emissions, reducing environmental risks.
In contrast to diesel, kerosene burns cleaner and generates fewer pollutants. It contains lower sulfur and heavy hydrocarbon content, making it a preferred fuel for household and industrial applications that require complete combustion with minimal soot formation.
When compared to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene is easier to store as it does not require pressurized tanks. However, its production and refining costs are higher, leading to LPG being a more economical and cleaner alternative in some regions.
Safety Measures and Storage
Proper storage and handling of kerosene are essential to prevent explosion, leakage, and fire hazards. Liquid fuel should be stored in designated containers, away from heat sources and direct sunlight. For international transport, anti-leakage tanks with proper ventilation should be used to prevent accumulation of flammable vapors. For domestic and industrial use, it is recommended to use safety-sealed containers with warning labels and avoid spillage in enclosed areas or near open flames and sparks.
Conclusion
Kerosene remains a crucial fuel across various industries, playing a significant role in global energy supply. Given its advantages, optimizing kerosene consumption and adopting modern technologies to minimize environmental impact are essential. To ensure the safe and efficient use of high-quality kerosene in households and industries, choosing a reliable supplier is of utmost importance.
Faraz Oil offers premium-quality petroleum products and expert consultation services, making it the best choice for purchasing refined kerosene and petroleum derivatives that meet international standards. Contact Faraz Oil today for a free consultation and the latest price updates!